Biomaterials in esthetic restorative dentistry

Esthetic restorative dentistry has seen a paradigm shift toward conservative approaches that prioritize tooth preservation, functional longevity, and patient-specific customization. Biomaterials play a pivotal role in this transformation. From traditional feldspathic ceramics and lithium-reinforced glass-ceramics to zirconia, CAD/CAM composites, PICN (hybrid ceramic), and 3D-printed materials, the spectrum of options continues to expand. However, an ideal material capable of meeting all requirements simultaneously does not exist. Clinical success therefore depends on judicious material selection and a thorough understanding of the advantages and limitations of each biomaterial class. This review synthesizes the available data across material families, evaluating their properties and clinical behavior, with particular emphasis on minimally invasive protocols and bruxism-prone patients.