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Related Concept Videos

The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Norton's Theorem01:14

Norton's Theorem

Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the one depicted in...
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Entanglement Swapping Enables the Practical Security of Quantum Cryptography.

Yang-Fan Jiang1,2,3, Liang Huang1,4, Yu-Zhe Zhang1

  • 1Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Entanglement swapping enhances quantum cryptography by enabling secure communication immune to probing attacks. This method allows private quantum state preparation and detection, ensuring side-channel-free security in practical applications.

Keywords:
entangled photon pairsentanglement swappingquantum cryptography

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Physics
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Cryptography

Background:

  • Quantum entanglement is crucial for secure communication, forming the basis of quantum cryptography.
  • Existing entanglement-based quantum cryptography is vulnerable to detection side-channel attacks.
  • Entanglement swapping offers a potential solution to enhance security.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate entanglement swapping as a method for side-channel-free quantum cryptography.
  • To implement and test an entanglement-swapping quantum cryptography scheme in a field setting.
  • To assess the performance of entanglement-swapping quantum cryptography under realistic channel conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized entanglement swapping to enable private quantum state preparation and detection for each user.
  • Demonstrated the scheme using two independent entangled photon sources.
  • Implemented the Ekert-1991 protocol with remote entangled photon pairs.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a Bell violation value of S=2.659±0.092.
  • Generated a secret key rate of 0.0163 bit/s.
  • Successfully implemented the scheme over a channel attenuation equivalent to 100 km of optical fiber.

Conclusions:

  • Entanglement swapping effectively solves the side-channel vulnerability in quantum cryptography.
  • The demonstrated photonic entanglement-swapping quantum cryptography is compatible with existing fiber networks.
  • This approach provides a complementary, all-optical pathway for secure quantum communication.