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The Collective Trust Game: An Online Group Adaptation of the Trust Game Based on the HoneyComb Paradigm
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Community First Theory: How Collective Organization Generates Individual Diversity.

Takashi Ikegami1,2, Hiroki Kojima1,2, Akiko Kashiwagi3,4

  • 1Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Community First Theory suggests collective organization generates individual identity. In Tetrahymena, this community structure drives behavioral diversity and phenotypic divergence, challenging traditional views of individuality.

Keywords:
NTICTetrahymenacommunityindividual tracking

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Area of Science:

  • Collective behavior
  • Systems biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Collective systems display emergent properties not reducible to individuals.
  • A key question is whether individuality precedes or arises from collective organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test Community First Theory, proposing collective organization as the source of individual dynamical identity.
  • To introduce and operationalize non-trivial information closure (NTIC) as a measure of individual vs. collective determination of temporal predictability.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and empirically tested Community First Theory.
  • Introduced non-trivial information closure (NTIC) metric.
  • Utilized high-resolution tracking of Tetrahymena populations over four generations.

Main Results:

  • Information closure emerged transiently during the cell cycle, between phases of strong collective coupling.
  • Cells in the information-closed state exhibited greater phenotypic divergence from parents.
  • Community organization was shown to actively generate behavioral diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Provided initial empirical support for Community First Theory in Tetrahymena.
  • Demonstrated that NTIC can identify agency transitions in collective systems.
  • Suggests collective organization is a generative substrate for individual identity and diversity.