Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 28, 2026

Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions
Published on: January 30, 2018
The Spectral Rrepresentation of a Discrete Version of Blackwell's Markov Chain
1Department of Mathematics, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
Abstract:
We consider a Markov chain that can be termed a discrete version of Blackwell's example from 1958. It is constructed with the aid of a sequence of independent Markov chains with two states. It turns out its stationary distribution π and transition matrix P are in detailed balance. As a result, the transition operator associated with P is self-adjoint in ℓ2(π), the Hilbert space of all square summable sequences with respect to π. All eigenvalues of P are therefore real, and we give explicit formulae for them. Their corresponding eigenvectors form an orthogonal family in ℓ2(π). Consequently, P can be diagonalized, and we find manageable formulae for Pn, where n≥2.
Related Concept Videos
State Space Representation
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
Basic Discrete Time Signals
The unit impulse or sample sequence is mathematically expressed as zero for all n values except at n=0, where it is one. The unit impulse sequence, denoted by δ(n), is the first difference of the unit step sequence, while the unit step sequence u(n) is the...
Discrete-Time Fourier Series
For a discrete-time periodic signal x[n]...
Discrete-time Fourier transform
One of the notable...
Basic Continuous Time Signals
The unit step function, denoted u(t), is zero for negative time values and one for positive time values, exhibiting a discontinuity at t=0. This function often represents abrupt changes, such as the step voltage introduced when turning a car's...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
