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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion01:26

Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion

Physiological and compartmental models are valuable tools used in studying biological systems. These models rely on differential equations to maintain mass balance within the system, ensuring an accurate representation of the dynamic processes at play.
Physiological models take a detailed approach by considering specific molecular processes. They can predict drug distribution, metabolism, and elimination changes, providing a comprehensive understanding of how drugs interact with the body.
Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models01:21

Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models

Mechanistic models, a category encompassing both physiological and compartmental modeling, differ from empirical models' approaches to incorporating known factors about the systems being modeled. Empirical models describe data with minimal assumptions, while mechanistic models aim to provide a robust description of available data by specifying assumptions and integrating known factors about the system. Compartmental analysis is a key example of a mechanistic model in pharmacokinetics and...
Multicompartment Models: Overview01:14

Multicompartment Models: Overview

Multicompartment models are mathematical constructs that depict how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They segment the body into several compartments, symbolizing various physiological or anatomical areas connected through drug transfer processes such as absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
These models offer a more comprehensive representation of drug behavior in the body than one-compartment models. They accommodate the complexity of drug distribution,...
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models01:14

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models

Compartmental analysis is a widely adopted approach to characterizing drug pharmacokinetics. It uses compartment models that conceptualize the body as a collection of reversibly communicating compartments, each representing a group of tissues exhibiting similar drug distribution characteristics. The movement rate of the drug between these compartments is typically described by first-order kinetics.
Two primary types of compartment models are recognized: mammillary and catenary. The more...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation
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Published on: August 4, 2023

Targeting NAD Homeostasis: Compartmentalization, Quantification, and Modulation.

Marta Nobile1, Veronica Fontanini1, Simone Serrao1

  • 1School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau, 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy.

Metabolites
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and NADH are vital coenzymes. This review details NAD+ levels across cellular compartments and strategies to modulate them for treating diseases and extending health span.

Keywords:
NAD metabolismNAD modulationNAD quantificationNAD+/NADHmetabolic regulationsubcellular compartmentalization

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Published on: December 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and NADH are crucial coenzymes in cellular redox, metabolism, DNA repair, and signaling.
  • NAD+ levels are regulated by synthesis (de novo, Preiss-Handler, salvage) and consumption (sirtuins, PARPs, CD38), with NAMPT-driven salvage being predominant.
  • Subcellular NAD+ regulation is vital for cell function but poorly understood, with dysregulation linked to aging and diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an integrated overview of NAD+ concentrations across various cellular compartments.
  • To discuss challenges and strategies for accurately measuring NAD+ levels within organelles.
  • To explore therapeutic approaches for modulating NAD+ metabolism in disease and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current knowledge on NAD+ distribution and measurement.
  • Analysis of established and emerging techniques for global and compartment-specific NAD+ quantification.
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies including precursor supplementation, enzyme modulators, and gene therapy.

Main Results:

  • NAD+ concentrations vary significantly across cellular compartments (cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus, ER, Golgi, peroxisomes, extracellular space).
  • Accurate quantification of compartment-specific NAD+ remains challenging.
  • Multiple strategies exist to modulate NAD+ levels, with varying therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding subcellular NAD+ distribution is critical for comprehending cellular function and disease pathogenesis.
  • Advanced measurement techniques are needed for precise NAD+ quantification.
  • Targeting NAD+ metabolism offers promising therapeutic avenues for aging and various pathologies, though limitations exist.