Is Aspirin Still Indispensable After PCI-Rethinking Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Contemporary Practice

Aspirin has been the default backbone of antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for over two decades, anchored by landmark trials that established 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) as the standard of care. Three developments have prompted reassessment of this paradigm: the markedly lower thrombotic risk of contemporary drug-eluting stents, the greater potency and consistency of potent P2Y₁₂ inhibitors (ticagrelor, prasugrel), and increasing recognition that major bleeding independently worsens outcomes after PCI. Recent randomised trials have systematically tested aspirin withdrawal at varying time points. Immediate aspirin-free strategies (NEO-MINDSET, STOPDAPT-3) demonstrated an early signal of excess ischaemic events in the ACS component of enrolled populations, suggesting that aspirin remains important during the earliest post-PCI period in ACS. One-month strategies (T-PASS, ULTIMATE-DAPT, TARGET-FIRST) and three-month strategies (TWILIGHT, TICO, DUAL-ACS) showed that transition to P2Y₁₂ monotherapy after an initial DAPT period significantly reduces bleeding without increasing ischaemic events in selected populations. Beyond one year, long-term randomised trials including the HOST-EXAM 10-year follow-up (Lancet 2026) and the STOPDAPT-2 5-year landmark analysis (Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2026), together with study-level meta-analyses (PANTHER) and recent individual patient data meta-analyses, provide converging evidence that clopidogrel monotherapy outperforms aspirin for chronic secondary prevention without excess bleeding. The choice of P2Y₁₂ agent is critical: clopidogrel monotherapy in ACS during the first post-procedural year carries excess thrombotic risk owing to CYP2C19 pharmacogenomic variability, whereas ticagrelor and prasugrel provide more reliable protection. This review synthesises the mechanistic rationale, trial evidence across all time points, special clinical contexts (oral anticoagulation, coronary artery bypass grafting, high bleeding risk), guideline evolution, and methodological considerations, providing a practical framework for individualising post-PCI antiplatelet therapy.