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Clinical Trials

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Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Improved Registration of 3D CT Angiography with X-ray Fluoroscopy for Image Fusion During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Improved Registration of 3D CT Angiography with X-ray Fluoroscopy for Image Fusion During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Published on: June 3, 2018

FFR-CT: Technical Advances and Implementation in Clinical Practice.

Kamil Stankowski¹, Amedeo Pellizzon², Luca Signorelli²

¹Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy.

Journal of Imaging

|May 26, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fractional flow reserve derived from coronary computed tomography angiography (FFR-CT) offers non-invasive functional assessment of coronary artery disease. This method enhances diagnostic accuracy and provides prognostic information for guiding treatment decisions.

Keywords:

cardiac computed tomography chronic coronary syndrome computational fluid dynamics coronary artery disease fractional flow reserve machine learning

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Medical Imaging
Computational Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) assessment traditionally relies on invasive methods.
Non-invasive functional assessment is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
Fractional flow reserve derived from coronary computed tomography angiography (FFR-CT) is an emerging non-invasive technique.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the technical basis of FFR-CT.
To summarize evidence on FFR-CT's diagnostic and prognostic capabilities in CAD.
To provide guidance on clinical implementation and interpretation of FFR-CT.

Main Methods:

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applied to coronary CT angiography (CCTA) data.
Off-site FFR-CT implementation for lesion-specific pressure gradient estimation.
Review of existing clinical studies and evidence for FFR-CT.

Main Results:

FFR-CT enhances CCTA diagnostic accuracy, improving specificity for hemodynamically significant stenoses.
FFR-CT provides prognostic information for risk stratification and revascularization guidance.
CFD-based FFR-CT is widely adopted, with machine learning-based approaches emerging.

Conclusions:

FFR-CT is a valuable non-invasive tool for functional assessment in CAD.
Limitations include image quality dependence and performance in calcified vessels.
FFR-CT is expected to expand its role in precision-guided CAD management.