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Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

Published on: September 11, 2015

Multifunctional Y₂O₃-Modified Borotellurite Bioactive Glasses for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications.

Esmanur Oruc Ulas¹, Bulent Aktas¹, Abuzer Acikgoz¹

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harran University, Şanlıurfa 63050, Türkiye.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials

|May 26, 2026

Summary

Yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) enhances borotellurite bioactive glasses, improving mechanical strength, thermal stability, and biocompatibility for bone tissue engineering. Silver coating further boosts antibacterial properties.

Keywords:

Y2O3 doping antibacterial activity bone tissue engineering borotellurite bioactive glass cytocompatibility

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Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance

Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance

Published on: February 13, 2026

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Materials Science
Biotechnology

Background:

Developing bioactive glasses for bone tissue engineering presents challenges in achieving mechanical reliability, cytocompatibility, controlled ion release, and antibacterial functionality.
Borotellurite glasses offer potential but require optimization for enhanced performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) incorporation on the composition-structure-property relationships of borotellurite bioactive glasses.
To engineer glasses with improved mechanical, thermal, biological, and antibacterial properties for bone repair applications.

Main Methods:

Synthesized borotellurite glasses with varying Y₂O₃ content (0-7 mol.%) using the composition (45 - x)TeO₂-20Na₂O-10CaO-15P₂O₅-10B₂O₃-xY₂O₃.
Evaluated structural, thermal, mechanical, ion-release, bioactivity, cytocompatibility, cell-adhesion, and antibacterial properties.
Modified promising compositions with silver surface coating for enhanced antibacterial effects.

Main Results:

Y₂O₃ incorporation significantly improved thermal stability, hardness (up to 4.317 GPa), and fracture resistance.
Optimal compressive strength (67.97 MPa) was achieved at 1 mol.% Y₂O₃.
Y₂O₃ mitigated long-term cytotoxicity, maintained bioactivity, promoted osteoblast adhesion, and reduced bacterial adhesion (especially *S. aureus* after silver coating).

Conclusions:

Yttrium oxide acts as an effective multifunctional modifier for borotellurite bioactive glasses.
The developed glasses exhibit enhanced mechanical robustness, favorable biological interactions, and antibacterial capabilities.
These Y₂O₃-modified glasses show significant promise for bone tissue engineering and repair applications.