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Related Concept Videos

Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Standard Membrane Feeding Assay for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Anopheles Mosquito Vectors
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Impact of Insecticide-Treated Nets on Plasmodium falciparum Infection Rates: A Meta-Analysis.

Nevra Karaca Biçakçi1, Ayşe Çalmaz2, Merve Ayyildiz Akin3

  • 1Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, Türkiye.

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study found no conclusive evidence that insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) significantly reduce Plasmodium falciparum infection. Heterogeneity in results highlights the need for integrated malaria control strategies.

Keywords:
Plasmodium falciparuminfection prevalenceinsecticide-treated netslong-lasting insecticidal netsmalaria preventionmeta-analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Vector-Borne Diseases

Background:

  • Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), especially long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), are crucial for malaria control.
  • Emerging insecticide resistance, mosquito behavior changes, and reduced net durability may impact ITN/LLIN effectiveness.
  • Recent epidemiological data (2021-2025) on ITN/LLIN efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze recent epidemiological evidence (2021-2025) on the association between ITN/LLIN use and Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence.
  • To investigate sources of heterogeneity in these associations across different populations, settings, and net types.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2021 and 2025.
  • Two random-effects meta-analyses were conducted: one for crude effect estimates (6 studies, 7466 participants) and one for adjusted estimates (9 studies).
  • Meta-regression was used to explore heterogeneity, examining factors like population type, study design, country, and net type.

Main Results:

  • The crude meta-analysis showed no statistically significant association between ITN/LLIN use and P. falciparum infection (OR = 0.67, p=0.078), with significant heterogeneity (I²=79.8%).
  • The adjusted meta-analysis also yielded a non-significant pooled effect (aOR = 0.88, p=0.71) with substantial heterogeneity (I²=88.7%).
  • Meta-regression identified population group (children under five) and country (Uganda) as significant modifiers. ITNs showed lower pooled odds than LLINs (p=0.0415).

Conclusions:

  • Current epidemiological studies provide no conclusive evidence for a statistically significant association between ITN/LLIN use and P. falciparum infection.
  • Significant heterogeneity across studies indicates that the effectiveness of ITNs/LLINs is context-dependent.
  • Integrated vector-control strategies and ongoing evaluation of net technologies are essential, particularly given rising insecticide resistance.