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A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences
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Examining daily affect variability by individual differences among a diverse community sample.

Veronica M Kraft1, Dusti R Jones2, Joshua M Smyth1

  • 1Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University.

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Daily emotional variability impacts health and varies by demographics. Older adults and White individuals showed less positive and negative affect variability, while females exhibited greater positive affect variability.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Affective Science
  • Health Psychology

Background:

  • Daily emotional experiences (affect variability) are crucial for mental and physical health.
  • Existing research on individual differences in affect variability lacks diversity and inclusivity.
  • Understanding how demographics like age, gender, and race/ethnicity influence affect variability is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of individual differences (age, gender, race/ethnicity) in positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) variability.
  • To provide more inclusive evidence on affect variability across diverse adult populations.
  • To examine demographic influences on the dynamics of daily emotional experiences.

Main Methods:

  • Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) was used to collect data on momentary PA and NA over two days.
  • A diverse community sample of 300 adults (aged 18-80) participated.
  • Statistical analyses included independent samples t tests and general linear models to assess demographic differences and interactions.

Main Results:

  • Older age was associated with lower PA and NA variability.
  • Being female was linked to greater PA variability.
  • Identifying as White was associated with lower PA and NA variability.
  • No significant interaction effects were found between age, gender, and race/ethnicity on affect variability.

Conclusions:

  • Demographic factors, including age, gender, and race/ethnicity, are relevant to understanding individual differences in affect variability.
  • The findings highlight the importance of considering diverse identities in affect dynamics research.
  • Future research should incorporate these individual differences to better understand affect variability and its health implications.