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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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  3. Tuning Redox Potentials In Nasicon Cathode Via Covalent Lattice Modulation.
  1. Home
  3. Tuning Redox Potentials In Nasicon Cathode Via Covalent Lattice Modulation.

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Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications
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Published on: July 25, 2025

Tuning Redox Potentials in NASICON Cathode via Covalent Lattice Modulation.

Jiandong Zhang1, Zhaoshi Yu1, Liyuan Tian2

  • 1Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 26, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromium incorporation in NASICON-type cathodes enhances sodium-ion battery energy density. This modification optimizes manganese redox potentials, achieving high voltage and stable cycling for advanced energy storage solutions.

Keywords:
cathodecovalent modulationenergy densityredox potentialsodium‑ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • NASICON-type Na3MnTi(PO4)3 cathodes show promise for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).
  • Limited energy density is due to incomplete activation of high-potential manganese redox couples.
  • Tuning electronic structure is key to unlocking higher performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the energy density of NASICON-type cathodes by modulating manganese redox potentials.
  • To investigate the effect of chromium incorporation on the electronic structure and electrochemical performance.
  • To develop a generalizable strategy for designing high-voltage polyanionic frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of chromium-substituted Na3.5MnTi0.5Cr0.5(PO4)3 cathode material.
  • Electrochemical characterization including discharge voltage, energy density, and cycling stability tests.
  • Mechanistic studies to understand the reaction mechanism and volume expansion.

    • Main Results:

    • The Na3.5MnTi0.5Cr0.5(PO4)3 cathode achieved a high average discharge voltage of 3.40 V.
    • A competitive energy density of 586 Wh kg-1 was obtained, surpassing many reported NASICON cathodes.
    • Exceptional cycling stability with 87.6% retention over 5000 cycles at 20 C and minimal volume expansion (2.5%).
    • High cyclability in a full-cell configuration (88.6% retention after 1000 cycles at 2 C).

    Conclusions:

    • Strategic chromium incorporation effectively modulates Mn-O covalency, elevating Mn redox potentials.
    • The developed material offers a promising pathway for high-voltage, high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries.
    • Covalent modulation provides a generalizable strategy for designing advanced polyanionic frameworks for energy storage.