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Related Concept Videos

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.

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Updated: May 28, 2026

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay
08:18

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Published on: January 7, 2019

A Cholesterol Analogue for Cell-Surface Enzyme Display.

Vasco F Batista1, Nele Van Wyngaerden2, Changzhu Wu1,3

  • 1Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel method to immobilize enzymes on bacterial cell surfaces using biomimetic lipids. This technique enables efficient enzyme binding and facilitates streamlined cascade reactions within a single cell.

Keywords:
CHIMartificial lipidbiocatalysiscell engineeringhis‐tagged proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cell membrane modification is crucial for introducing new cellular functions.
  • Existing methods include chemical coating and genetic engineering.
  • A need exists for efficient and biocompatible surface functionalization techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore a novel method for enzyme immobilization on bacterial cell surfaces.
  • To utilize biomimetic lipids for stable and selective enzyme-cell interactions.
  • To demonstrate the application of this method in cascade reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered E. coli with cholesterol-based artificial lipids containing nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) groups.
  • Loaded NTA lipids with Ni2+ ions to selectively bind His-tagged enzymes.
  • Immobilized enzymes like green fluorescent protein, benzaldehyde lyase, and amine transaminase.
  • Constructed a single-cell system for a two-step cascade reaction.

Main Results:

  • Achieved stable and selective binding of His-tagged enzymes to bacterial surfaces.
  • Demonstrated one-step purification and immobilization of enzymes from cell lysates.
  • Preserved both intracellular and cell-surface enzymatic activity.
  • Successfully created a single-cell system for a two-step cascade reaction from benzyl alcohol to (R)-benzoin.

Conclusions:

  • Biomimetic lipids offer a powerful strategy for non-genetic cell surface enzyme immobilization.
  • This approach streamlines the development of cascade reaction systems within single cells.
  • The method is biocompatible and preserves enzyme activity, opening avenues for biocatalysis.