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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers01:20

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs, such as verapamil and diltiazem, block calcium channels. They primarily affect the heart, slowing the conduction in calcium-dependent tissues like the SA and AV nodes. These drugs manage reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and reduce ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation.
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits calcium movement across myocardial cell membranes and vascular smooth muscle. This results in the dilation of coronary and...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers01:12

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of medications that can prolong action potentials in the heart. They achieve this by blocking potassium channels or enhancing inward currents from sodium channels. However, these drugs have a unique property of "reverse use-dependence," which is most pronounced at slower heart rates and can lead to torsades de pointes—a specific type of arrhythmia. However, it is essential to note that excessive QT interval prolongation—a measure of the heart's...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which indirectly block calcium...
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice
04:45

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2022

Cardiac Arrhythmias Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Pyush Moudgil1, Jatin Thukral2, Hargun Kaur Ratol1

  • 1From the Department of Medicine, Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Ramnagar, India.

Cardiology in Review
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause heart rhythm problems like atrial fibrillation. This meta-analysis found a 6.89% incidence of arrhythmias in patients treated with ICIs, underscoring the need for careful monitoring.

Keywords:
arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, conduction disorders, cardiotoxicity, meta-analysisimmune checkpoint inhibitors

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice
04:45

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a growing concern with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
  • Arrhythmias are a known irAE, but their precise incidence with ICI therapy requires further definition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate and quantify the incidence of arrhythmias in patients receiving ICI treatment.
  • To identify specific types of arrhythmias associated with ICI therapy.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar was conducted up to February 2026.
  • A random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was performed on data from 13 studies involving 31,542 patients.

Main Results:

  • The pooled incidence of any arrhythmia was 6.89% (95% CI: 4.4-9.4%).
  • Subgroup analyses revealed an incidence of atrial fibrillation of 6.8% (95% CI: 0.0-15.3%) and conduction disorders of 1.44% (95% CI: 0.0-3.07%).
  • Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies (I2 > 88%).

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with a significant incidence of arrhythmias, notably atrial fibrillation.
  • The substantial heterogeneity observed necessitates prospective studies with standardized monitoring to improve precision.