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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures
11:54

Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures

Published on: February 8, 2018

CuO/Cu(OH)2 Heterostructure with Sustained Dynamic Re-equilibration and High HER Activity.

Manuel A Ramirez-Ubillus1,2, Zakariya Mohayman3, Akihiro Kushima3,4

  • 1NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Copper sulfide (Cu2S) transforms into a self-regenerating CuO/Cu(OH)2 catalyst for hydrogen evolution. This dynamic interface, driven by water and electrochemical bias, enhances catalytic activity and stability.

Keywords:
copper-based electrocatalystsdynamic re-equilibrationelectrochemical reconstructionoperando spectroscopyoxide−hydroxide heterostructuressurface hydroxylation

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures
11:54

Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures

Published on: February 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry and Materials Science
  • Catalysis for energy conversion

Background:

  • Copper-based catalysts like CuO and Cu(OH)2 are effective for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
  • Direct synthesis often leads to unstable architectures that degrade during operation.
  • Need for robust and active electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate copper sulfide (Cu2S) as a metastable precursor for generating stable and active HER electrocatalysts.
  • To understand the electrochemical reconstruction mechanism of Cu2S into a dynamic CuO/Cu(OH)2 heterostructure.
  • To evaluate the catalytic performance and stability of the reconstructed interface.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized copper sulfide (Cu2S) as a precursor for electrochemical reconstruction.
  • Employed combined ex situ and operando analyses (e.g., spectroscopy, microscopy) to study the transformation.
  • Performed electrochemical measurements including overpotential, Tafel slope, and charge-transfer resistance.
  • Conducted temperature-programmed desorption, Auger electron spectroscopy, and Raman isotope experiments.

Main Results:

  • Cu2S rapidly reconstructs into a dynamic CuO/Cu(OH)2 heterostructure under alkaline HER conditions.
  • The reconstructed interface exhibits a bias-stabilized dynamic steady state with continuous regeneration of Cu(OH)2.
  • Enhanced HER activity was observed, with an overpotential of 70 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a 40-fold reduction in charge-transfer resistance.
  • Sustained activity and morphology were maintained over 138 hours of galvanostatic operation.

Conclusions:

  • Copper sulfide (Cu2S) serves as an effective metastable precursor for self-regenerating oxyhydroxide electrocatalyst interfaces.
  • Electrochemical bias stabilizes the dynamic CuO/Cu(OH)2 equilibrium, crucial for sustained catalytic performance.
  • Provides mechanistic insights into designing nonequilibrium, water-mediated electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution.