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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
11:18

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

Comparative diagnostic accuracy of panic provocation tests: A meta-analysis.

Umit Tural1, Sara Rose Shannon2, Dan V Iosifescu1

  • 1Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of Psychiatric Research
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Related Concept Videos

Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...

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Panic provocation tests help study panic disorder (PD). Sodium lactate infusion offers the best diagnostic accuracy, distinguishing PD patients from healthy individuals more effectively than other methods.

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Panic provocation tests are crucial for understanding panic disorder (PD) biological underpinnings.
  • However, the diagnostic specificity of these tests is often limited, as non-patients can exhibit panic-like reactions.
  • Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of various agents is essential for reliable PD assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate and compare the diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) of different panic provocation methods.
  • To identify which provocation agents offer superior diagnostic discrimination for panic disorder.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic meta-analysis of 123 studies involving 5693 participants was conducted.
  • Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using the Hartung-Knapp adjustment.
Keywords:
CCK-4Diagnostic accuracyIsoproterenolPanic disorderSodium lactate infusionm-CPP

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
11:18

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

  • Diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) were calculated and compared across various provocation agents.

    • Main Results:

    • Sodium lactate infusion demonstrated the highest pooled DOR (24.77), indicating superior diagnostic discrimination.
    • Other agents like isoproterenol, CCK-4, m-CPP, caffeine, hyperventilation, and CO2 also showed significant DORs, but lower than sodium lactate.
    • Breath holding, fenfluramine, and flumazenil did not show statistically significant discriminative ability.

    Conclusions:

    • Provocation methods affecting acid-base balance, particularly sodium lactate infusion, are most effective in differentiating individuals with PD from healthy controls.
    • Sodium lactate yielded significantly higher DORs compared to several other agents, confirming its diagnostic utility.
    • The findings support the use of sodium lactate infusion for enhanced diagnostic specificity in panic disorder research.