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Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures
08:02

Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures

Published on: May 31, 2024

Active RNA synthesis patterns nuclear condensates.

Andriy Goychuk1, Salman F Banani2, Pradeep Natarajan3

  • 1Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Cell Systems
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active RNA synthesis drives the formation and patterning of cellular biomolecular condensates. This non-equilibrium state influences condensate size and spacing, impacting cellular biochemistry and function.

Keywords:
biomolecular condensatesnon-equilibrium regulationnucleoluspatterningphase separationtranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates are essential membraneless organelles organizing cellular processes.
  • Mechanisms of condensate formation and dissolution are known, but patterning (size, number, spacing) is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of RNA in regulating biomolecular condensate patterning.
  • To elucidate the physical principles governing condensate patterning using nucleolar fibrillar centers (FCs) as a model.

Main Methods:

  • Inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis in cells.
  • Experimental observation and physical theory modeling of FC patterning.
  • Altering FC component TCOF1 expression and assessing its impact on RNA processing.

Main Results:

  • Inhibiting ribosomal RNA synthesis significantly altered FC patterning.
  • A model was supported where active RNA synthesis creates a non-equilibrium state that arrests condensate coarsening.
  • Altered FC patterning via TCOF1 expression impaired ribosomal RNA processing.

Conclusions:

  • Active RNA synthesis is crucial for regulating biomolecular condensate patterning.
  • Non-equilibrium states driven by active chemical processes dictate condensate organization.
  • Condensate patterning is linked to essential cellular functions like ribosome biogenesis.