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Microplastics disrupt intestinal physiology: From microbiota composition to intestinal barrier integrity.
Maria Chiara Valerii1, Elena Fabbri1, Renato Spigarelli1
1Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Via Selmi 3, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|May 26, 2026
Summary
Microplastics (MPs) ingested through the food chain can disrupt gut homeostasis. These tiny plastic particles alter the gut microbiota, reduce beneficial bacteria, and compromise intestinal barrier integrity.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Toxicology
- Gastroenterology
Background:
- Microplastics (MPs), plastic particles <5 mm, are prevalent in the food chain and human samples.
- Ingestion is a primary exposure route, but MP translocation across the intestinal barrier is poorly understood.
- MPs can carry additives and pollutants, posing direct toxicity risks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and analyze current evidence on MP effects on gut homeostasis.
- To focus on MP interactions with gut microbiota and the intestinal epithelial barrier.
- To understand the mechanisms of MP-induced intestinal disruption.
Main Methods:
- Narrative review of existing scientific literature.
- Critical analysis of studies on microplastic exposure and gut health.
- Examination of mechanisms of microplastic interaction with the intestinal environment.
Main Results:
- MPs disrupt gut homeostasis by altering the gut microbiota composition.
- Reduced populations of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria observed.
- Increased proteolytic and pro-inflammatory bacterial taxa promoted by MPs.
- Compromised intestinal barrier integrity is a consequence of MP exposure.
Conclusions:
- Microplastics present an emerging threat to intestinal physiology.
- MPs disrupt gut homeostasis through microbiota modulation and barrier damage.
- Further research is needed to fully elucidate MP impacts on human health.
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