Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Editorial: The immune microenvironment-microbiome interactions in peri-implantitis and periodontitis.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology·2026
Same author

Impact of deep learning-based MRI reconstruction on image quality and apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in patients with intracranial tumors: a prospective intra-individual study.

Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery·2026
Same author

Lonely boats swaying in the storm: experiences and supportive needs of adult only-children confronting parental end-of-life care: a qualitative study.

BMC palliative care·2026
Same author

[Exploration of prescription patterns of TCM in treatment of cerebral small vessel disease based on latent structure model combined with association rules].

Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica·2026
Same author

Magnolol alleviates oxidative stress injury by modulating microglia activation and polarization in an experimental rat model of spinal cord injury.

The journal of spinal cord medicine·2026
Same author

<i>Polygonati Rhizoma</i> Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells.

Food science & nutrition·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX
10:09

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX

Published on: June 27, 2017

Gene-in-gene coding generates dual-isoform Fha condensates to control type VI secretion system assembly.

Tong-Tong Pei1, Qiao-Yu Chen1, Xing-Yu Wang1,2

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Guangming Advanced Research Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

Nature Communications
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria use internal translation to create two forms of the Fha protein, which work together via liquid-liquid phase separation to build the type VI secretion system (T6SS) for survival and host colonization.

More Related Videos

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion
13:11

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Published on: February 10, 2023

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
08:51

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX
10:09

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX

Published on: June 27, 2017

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion
13:11

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Published on: February 10, 2023

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
08:51

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Eukaryotes utilize alternative splicing for protein diversity, but bacterial mechanisms are less understood.
  • The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a crucial nanomachine in bacterial virulence and competition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel protein isoform generation mechanisms in bacteria.
  • To elucidate the role of Fha protein isoforms in T6SS assembly and function.
  • To understand the ecological significance of these mechanisms in Vibrio cholerae.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of an intragenic coding mechanism generating Fha isoforms in Vibrio cholerae.
  • Analysis of Fha isoform cooperation using liquid-liquid phase separation.
  • Assessment of T6SS assembly and function in wild-type and mutant strains.
  • Ecological competition assays and host colonization studies.

Main Results:

  • Two Fha isoforms, FhaL (full-length) and FhaS (internally translated), were identified.
  • FhaL initiates T6SS assembly, while FhaS enhances secretion efficiency.
  • Isoform-specific T6SS function is critical for bacterial competition, resistance to predation, and host colonization.
  • Condensate formation by Fha isoforms is essential for T6SS activity and is mediated by conserved residues.

Conclusions:

  • A conserved translational-biophysical mechanism generates functional protein isoforms in bacteria.
  • This mechanism tunes the T6SS nanomachine for ecological success and virulence.
  • Internal translation and phase separation represent a key strategy for bacterial adaptation and competitiveness.