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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
05:31

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Published on: August 7, 2017

Priming innate immunity and long-term outcome.

Victoria Pradler1,2, Clyde J Wright3, Nazanin Kazemi-Butterfield3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inflammation significantly impacts preterm infant health, affecting immune responses and organ development. Understanding and avoiding inflammatory exposures are key to preventing long-term complications in vulnerable newborns.

Keywords:
Immune primingInflammationInflammatory signalingInnate immunityLong-term outcomeMultiple-hit sequenceNeonatal morbidityPreterm infants

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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

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Assessing Cellular Stress and Inflammation in Discrete Oxytocin-secreting Brain Nuclei in the Neonatal Rat Before and After First Colostrum Feeding
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Assessing Cellular Stress and Inflammation in Discrete Oxytocin-secreting Brain Nuclei in the Neonatal Rat Before and After First Colostrum Feeding

Published on: November 14, 2018

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
05:31

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Published on: August 7, 2017

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

Assessing Cellular Stress and Inflammation in Discrete Oxytocin-secreting Brain Nuclei in the Neonatal Rat Before and After First Colostrum Feeding
09:12

Assessing Cellular Stress and Inflammation in Discrete Oxytocin-secreting Brain Nuclei in the Neonatal Rat Before and After First Colostrum Feeding

Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal immunology
  • Developmental biology
  • Inflammation research

Background:

  • Neonatal intensive care advances improve survival but inflammation remains a key morbidity factor for preterm infants.
  • Prenatal and postnatal inflammatory exposures interact, significantly impacting immune responses and long-term organ development in immature neonates.
  • Preterm infants exhibit a susceptible innate immune system, prone to pro-inflammatory responses and sustained activation due to various stressors like infection and medical interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of inflammation in preterm infant morbidity.
  • To underscore the impact of early-life inflammatory exposures on immune system development and long-term outcomes.
  • To emphasize the need for improved strategies to manage and prevent inflammation in neonates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on inflammation in preterm infants.
  • Analysis of mechanisms linking inflammatory exposures to adverse outcomes.
  • Synthesis of factors contributing to sustained inflammation in neonates.

Main Results:

  • Sustained or increased inflammation is a central mechanism linking early-life exposures to impaired lung, brain, gut, and retinal development.
  • Multiple factors, including respiratory support, oxygen therapy, and infections, act as inflammatory stressors.
  • Disturbed homeostasis, altered immune recognition, and gut microbiota interactions contribute to aberrant inflammatory responses.

Conclusions:

  • Greater awareness and understanding of inflammatory triggers are essential for risk stratification.
  • Targeted strategies to prevent adverse inflammation are needed to improve outcomes for preterm infants.
  • Avoiding inflammatory exposures during the vulnerable neonatal period is crucial for long-term health.