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Microbiological Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in an Intensive Care Unit: Emphasis on ESKAPE

Leandro Aparecido de Souza1, Jéssica Cristina Bilizario Noguerol Andrade1, Fernando de Sá Del Fiol1

  • 1Doctoral Program, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat in intensive care units (ICUs). This study found high resistance rates in ESKAPE pathogens from a Brazilian ICU, emphasizing the need for surveillance and stewardship.

Keywords:
ESKAPEantimicrobial resistanceantimicrobial stewardshipintensive care unitmultidrug resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, especially in intensive care units (ICUs).
  • ESKAPE pathogens are key contributors to healthcare-associated infections and multidrug resistance.
  • Critically ill patients in ICUs face substantial antimicrobial pressure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the microbiological profiles of bacterial isolates in an adult ICU.
  • To analyze antimicrobial resistance patterns of these isolates.
  • To provide local epidemiological data on AMR in a Brazilian tertiary hospital ICU.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study design.
  • Analysis of microbiological culture data from 2024.
  • Inclusion of bacterial isolates from clinical specimens and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Main Results:

  • 1869 isolates analyzed, with Gram-negative bacteria predominating.
  • Most frequent pathogens: *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, *Staphylococcus haemolyticus*, *Enterococcus faecalis*, and *Acinetobacter baumannii*.
  • High resistance observed in Gram-negative bacteria to common antibiotics; Gram-positive bacteria showed resistance to macrolides, oxacillin, and clindamycin, with glycopeptides and linezolid remaining effective.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous microbiological surveillance is crucial for combating AMR.
  • Robust antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential in ICUs.
  • The study provides valuable local epidemiological insights into AMR, particularly concerning ESKAPE pathogens in Brazil.