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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...

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Related Experiment Videos

External Ventricular Drains and Infection Risk: Duration as the Dominant Predictor-A Systematic Review and

Thamer H Alsharif1, Badr E Hafiz2, Lamair Albakri3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif 26521, Saudi Arabia.

Brain Sciences
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Minimizing external ventricular drain (EVD) duration to 10 days or less significantly reduces the risk of ventriculostomy-related infections. Early EVD removal, when clinically appropriate, is recommended to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
catheter durationcerebrospinal fluid leakexternal ventricular drain (EVD)ventriculostomy-related infection

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • External ventricular drains (EVDs) are crucial for managing intracranial hemorrhage and hydrocephalus.
  • EVDs pose a significant risk of serious central nervous system infections, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the association between prolonged EVD duration (>10 days) and ventriculostomy-related infections.
  • To explore the link between EVD duration and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL).
  • Included were clinical trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies reporting EVD infection outcomes.
  • A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Main Results:

  • Sixteen studies involving approximately 5500 patients were analyzed.
  • Shorter EVD duration (≤10 days) was associated with a 55% reduction in the odds of infection (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.30-0.68; p = 0.0002).
  • Prolonged EVD duration consistently correlated with a higher risk of infection.

Conclusions:

  • Minimizing EVD duration may significantly decrease the risk of ventriculostomy-related infections.
  • Early EVD removal, when clinically feasible, is supported by these findings.
  • Further research is needed on modifiable factors like CSF leakage and sampling practices, acknowledging the observational nature of the data.