The Oxidative Stress: Origin and Role in Aging and Diseases

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in biological systems: at low-to-moderate concentrations, they function as essential signaling molecules involved in processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune defense. However, excessive ROS production or impaired antioxidant defenses lead to oxidative stress, which can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA, contributing to the development and progression of various pathological conditions including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. Understanding and managing oxidative stress is critical to promoting health and preventing chronic conditions. This review explores the growing body of literature surrounding this multifaceted and increasingly important area of study.