In Vitro Cell Viability and Migration Inhibitory Effects of Isorhamnetin in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for approximately 85% of all cases. Isorhamnetin (ISO), a natural dietary flavonoid, has demonstrated potent anti-lung cancer activity in cell models. However, its precise mechanism of action within the complex landscape of NSCLC remains to be fully elucidated. Methods: The effects of ISO on NSCLC cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution were assessed in A549 and H1650 cells using the MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and flow cytometry. Wound healing and Transwell assays were employed to evaluate the isorhamnetin impact on cell migration, invasion, and adhesion. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed, followed by validation of key target genes and proteins using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Results: ISO treatment elicited a significant, dose- and time-dependent inhibition of NSCLC cell viability, which coincided with a marked induction of apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed that ISO triggered an S-phase arrest. Transcriptomic profiling identified ELFN1 and TMEM186 as significantly upregulated genes, while SETDB1 was downregulated in a concentration-dependent manner; this was accompanied by a concomitant upregulation of FGFBP1 protein expression. Functionally, ISO effectively suppressed the migratory, invasive, and adhesive capabilities of both cell lines. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that ISO exerts a potent anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect on NSCLC cells. The underlying mechanism is multifaceted, involving the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, coupled with the modulation of a novel regulatory network centered on ELFN1, TMEM186, SETDB1, and FGFBP1. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the anti-tumor pharmacology of isorhamnetin and highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent targeting both cancer cells and their supporting microenvironments.