RNA-Loaded Nanoparticles for Targeted Lung Delivery

The lung represents a promising yet underexploited target for RNA therapeutics due to its large surface area and accessibility via non-invasive inhalation delivery. Despite rapid advances in RNA-based modalities, including small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and CRISPR-Cas systems, efficient pulmonary delivery remains a major challenge. Multiple biological barriers, such as mucus and surfactant layers, mucociliary clearance, immune surveillance, and limited cellular uptake of negatively charged nucleic acids, significantly restrict therapeutic efficacy. In addition, aerosolization processes may introduce mechanical stress, compromising RNA integrity. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have emerged as a central strategy to address these limitations. By protecting RNA cargo, enhancing mucus penetration, and promoting cellular internalization, engineered nanoparticles enable more effective pulmonary delivery. In this review, we adopt a barrier-centered perspective to examine the key biological obstacles to lung-targeted RNA delivery and highlight recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated strategies, with a focus on lipid nanoparticles, polymeric systems, and inorganic nanomaterials. We further discuss design principles that govern RNA stability, transport, and intracellular release and critically compare the strengths, limitations, and translational potential of each platform, including considerations of toxicity, biodegradability, and clinical readiness. Finally, we outline emerging clinical applications of RNA-loaded nanoparticles, using lung cancer as a representative disease model, and discuss remaining challenges and future directions. Continued innovation in nanoparticle engineering and delivery strategies is expected to accelerate the clinical translation of RNA therapeutics for pulmonary diseases.