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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...

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An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
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Musical Training Amplifies Food Cue-Related Interference in Working Memory.

Mingyue Xiao1,2,3, Yatong Guo1,2, Youjia Song1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Musical training may not enhance working memory (WM) for food cues. Instead, it can increase cognitive conflict and slow performance, especially with longer training durations, due to heightened sensitivity to food stimuli.

Keywords:
cognitive interferencefood cravingfood cuesmusical trainingworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Music Psychology
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Musical training is linked to cognitive benefits, but its effect on food-related cognition is unknown.
  • Food craving impacts working memory (WM), especially with tempting food cues.
  • This study explores the interaction between musical training, food craving, and WM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how musical training affects working memory performance in a food-related context.
  • To examine the mediating role of food craving in the relationship between musical training and WM.
  • To understand how musical expertise influences cognitive responses to food cues.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-eight university students completed a food cue 2-back task.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded brain activity (ERPs).
  • Behavioral data, ERPs, and self-reported food craving were analyzed using mediation and moderation.

Main Results:

  • Musically trained participants had slower reaction times but similar accuracy.
  • Higher N2 amplitudes in musically trained individuals suggested increased cognitive conflict with high-calorie cues.
  • Food craving intentions/plans mediated the link between musical training and slower performance.

Conclusions:

  • Musical training may increase sensitivity to salient food cues, leading to cognitive interference rather than uniform WM enhancement.
  • Individual experience and internal states significantly shape cognitive responses to food cues.
  • Expertise, like musical training, can influence food-related cognition and decision-making.