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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury Model in Self-Assembling Human Cardioids

A Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury Model in Self-Assembling Human Cardioids

Published on: March 17, 2026

Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiac Repair Approaches: Implications for In Vitro Heart Models and Potential ATMP

Simona Di Stefani^1,2, Maura Cimino¹, Rosaria Tinnirello¹

¹IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy.

|May 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiovascular diseases cause significant mortality. This review explores mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as advanced therapy medicinal products for heart repair and regeneration.

Keywords:

advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs)cardiac progenitor cells cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs)cardiospheres heart transplantation heart-on-a-chip technologies mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)organ failure organ-on-a-chip systems organoids

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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Cardiac Spheroids as in vitro Bioengineered Heart Tissues to Study Human Heart Pathophysiology

Cardiac Spheroids as in vitro Bioengineered Heart Tissues to Study Human Heart Pathophysiology

Published on: January 23, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Research
Regenerative Medicine
Cell Biology

Background:

Cardiovascular diseases, particularly acute myocardial infarction (AMI), are leading causes of death.
Adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) have limited regenerative capacity, leading to fibrosis and dysfunction after injury.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key regulators of cardiac repair.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in EV-based therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular regeneration.
To highlight the potential of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived EVs.
To discuss bioengineering approaches for enhancing EV therapeutic efficacy.

Main Methods:

Literature review of current research on EVs in cardiovascular repair.
Analysis of studies on MSCs and their therapeutic properties.
Examination of bioengineering techniques for EV modification.

Main Results:

MSCs exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic properties beneficial for cardiac repair.
MSC-derived EVs show promise as cell-free therapeutic agents.
Bioengineering can enhance the targeted delivery and efficacy of EVs.

Conclusions:

EV-based therapies, particularly from MSCs, offer a promising avenue for cardiovascular regeneration.
EVs represent a potential advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) for treating heart damage.
Further research into bioengineered EVs could optimize treatments for heart disease.