Rewiring Adipocyte Plasticity: The Redox-Mitochondrial Axis as a Driver of Beige Fat Immunometabolism and Adipose...

Obesity is a major health crisis that impacts social and economic burdens worldwide, and it is being studied intensively to understand the molecular mechanisms and regulators of this complex condition. Over the past decade, significant insights into adipocyte fate have been gained, demonstrating that adipocyte behavior is influenced by intracellular pathways, systemic mediators, and environmental signals. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of key molecular and functional changes in adipose tissue. We focused on ER-mitochondrial dynamics and their role in beige adipocytes. We examined the biological properties of beige fat cells, including their inflammatory status, redox balance, and regulation of adipocyte transdifferentiation via signaling molecules. Finally, we explored the effects of naturally derived compounds on adipocyte function and their potential to combat obesity using a comprehensive approach. The process of adipocyte beiging induced by coordinated intracellular signaling pathways highlights mechanisms that can reprogram metabolic homeostasis and reduce obesity-related phenotypes.