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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

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MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues
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Epigenetic Regulation Involving microRNAs in Diabetes.

Dmitriy Ivanov1, Anna Drobintseva2, Andrey Ivanov2,3

  • 1Department of Neonatology with Training in Neurology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Litovskaya Ulitsa, 2, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia.

Biomolecules
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) show altered expression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, offering potential for early diagnosis and new therapies. Further clinical validation is needed for these biomarkers.

Keywords:
autoimmune processdiabetesearly diagnosismicroRNAspersonalized medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin secretion or action defects.
  • Type 1 DM involves autoimmune β-cell destruction, while Type 2 DM features insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
  • Current diagnostics miss preclinical disease stages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review microRNA (miRNA) roles in T1DM and T2DM pathogenesis.
  • To evaluate miRNAs as early diagnostic biomarkers for diabetes.
  • To explore miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific evidence on miRNA involvement in T1DM and T2DM.
  • Analysis of specific miRNA expression patterns in relation to disease mechanisms.
  • Examination of circulating miRNAs in biological fluids for diagnostic potential.

Main Results:

  • Altered miRNA expression is linked to β-cell apoptosis, autoimmune inflammation, and insulin signaling in both T1DM and T2DM.
  • Specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-146a in T1DM; miR-9, miR-126 in T2DM) are implicated.
  • Certain miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-126, miR-375) show expression changes years before clinical onset, indicating early diagnostic potential.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs are crucial in diabetes pathogenesis and hold promise as early diagnostic biomarkers.
  • Circulating miRNAs in blood and urine may serve as non-invasive diagnostic tools.
  • Further large-scale clinical validation is essential before routine use, but miRNA panels offer potential for personalized diabetes medicine.