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COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

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Examining Subtypes of Victimization in Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Analysis Across Gender Using PISA 2022.

Georgios Sideridis¹, Mohammed H Alghamdi²

¹Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 27, 2026

Summary

Bullying victimization in Saudi adolescents shows three severity levels, with boys more exposed to high-risk groups. Gender differences stem from exposure levels, not victimization patterns.

Keywords:

PISA Saudi Arabia bullying victimization gender differences latent class analysis measurement invariance person-centered methods

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The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

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Published on: July 4, 2013

Area of Science:

Adolescent Psychology
Educational Psychology
Sociology of Education

Background:

Bullying victimization poses significant risks to adolescent psychological well-being and academic success.
Traditional research methods may overlook diverse student experiences with bullying.
Identifying distinct victimization profiles is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify latent subtypes of bullying victimization among adolescents in Saudi Arabia.
To examine gender-based differences in the structure and prevalence of these victimization subtypes.
To utilize nationally representative Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022 data.

Main Methods:

Secondary analysis of PISA 2022 data from 6709 Saudi adolescents.
Assessment of bullying victimization using 11 categorical indicators.
Application of multigroup latent class analysis (LCA) to identify gender-specific victimization profiles and test for measurement and structural invariance.

Main Results:

Three latent classes of bullying victimization (low, moderate, high severity) were identified for both genders.
Measurement invariance confirmed comparable victimization patterns across genders.
Structural invariance was not supported, with males more likely in the high-victimization class and females in the low-risk class.

Conclusions:

Gender disparities in bullying victimization are primarily due to differing exposure levels, not distinct victimization structures.
Bullying disproportionately affects a small subgroup of vulnerable adolescents.
Findings support universal anti-bullying policies and targeted interventions for high-risk students.