The Utilization of a Gait Pattern Classification System to Investigate the Effects of Ankle-Foot Orthoses on Gait in...

Background/Objectives: Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are commonly used to improve gait in children with cerebral palsy (CP), but their effect on specific gait patterns is underreported. This study evaluates the utilization of the Gait Pattern Classification System for Children with Spastic CP (GaP-CP) to investigate the effects of ankle-foot orthoses on gait kinematics, spatio-temporal parameters and the energy cost of walking. Methods: In this retrospective study, 66 ambulatory children with spastic CP underwent 3D gait analysis with and without AFOs or functional electrical stimulation. Gait patterns were classified according to GaP-CP. AFOs were articulated, flexible, or rigid. Thirty-six children also performed a 5 min walk test with gas exchange measurements. Step length, walking speed, and the energy cost of walking were calculated. Gait kinematics were analyzed with statistical nonparametric mapping. Non-parametric statistics were used to investigate orthotic effects for the total group and for each gait pattern. Results: Ankle kinematics improved in swing phase and initial contact (10 degrees less plantarflexion, p < 0.05) for the total group, dropfoot and genu recurvatum. During the stance phase, reduced knee extension in genu recurvatum (by 3 degrees, p < 0.05) and increased knee extension in crouch (by 3 degrees, p < 0.05) were observed. Median changes in non-dimensional step length were clinically significant (>0.039, p ≤ 0.02, effect size ≥ 0.55) for the total group and the dropfoot, genu recurvatum, and crouch subgroups, while changes in most gait indices, walking speed and the energy cost of walking were not clinically significant. Conclusions: The combined use of GaP-CP and kinematic analysis provided new insights into the effects of ankle-foot orthoses on gait. Articulated and flexible orthoses may not have provided adequate support for genu recurvatum and crouch gait, showing a potential value in gait pattern specific orthotic design to optimize gait kinematics.