Community Pharmacists' Acceptance of Telemedicine-Enabled Medication Dispensing in Jordan: A Mixed-Methods Study of...

Background/Objectives: Telemedicine-enabled medication dispensing and delivery was formally regulated in Jordan in 2025, but the Jordan Pharmacists Association publicly rejected the pharmacy-related provisions because of concerns about safety, liability, and the pharmacist's professional role. This study evaluated community pharmacists' acceptance of the regulated model and identified perceived patient safety risks, implementation barriers, and required safeguards. Methods: A convergent mixed-methods design was used. A cross-sectional online survey was completed by 350 licensed community pharmacists (response rate 83.3%). The questionnaire assessed willingness to participate, perceived patient safety risks, implementation barriers, and facilitators using 5-point Likert scales. Multivariable logistic regression examined predictors of willingness. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 purposively sampled pharmacists until thematic saturation. Quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated using joint displays. Results: Only 28.3% of pharmacists were willing to participate under current conditions, 46.9% were unwilling, and 24.9% expressed conditional acceptance; 52.0% opposed national implementation. Patient safety concerns were great (mean 4.4 ± 0.6/5), especially regarding remote patient assessment (91.4%) and medication errors (88.9%). Implementation barriers were severe (mean 4.5 ± 0.5/5), mainly regulatory ambiguity (92.0%) and unclear liability (89.7%). Facilitators were strongly endorsed (mean 4.7 ± 0.4/5), particularly mandatory pharmacist verification (94.6%) and clear legal protections (93.4%). Qualitative findings reinforced pharmacists' role as the "final safety checkpoint" and showed acceptance depended on strong safeguards. Conclusions: Jordanian pharmacists showed principled resistance to the current model. Acceptance depends on pharmacist oversight, legal clarity, and infrastructure readiness.