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Surface and Interface Engineering in Integrated Photonic Sensors: Performance Trade-Offs, Stability, and

Nikolay L Kazanskiy1,2, Dmitry V Nesterenko1,2, Svetlana N Khonina1,2

  • 1Image Processing Systems Institute, NRC "Kurchatov Institute", 151 Molodogvardeyskaya, Samara 443001, Russia.

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|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface and interface engineering is crucial for integrated photonic sensors. Optimizing these interfaces enhances sensitivity but requires careful management of optical losses and stability for reliable, scalable technologies.

Keywords:
integrated photonic sensorslight–matter interactionoptical sensingsurface and interface engineeringsurface functionalization

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Surface and interface engineering critically impacts integrated photonic sensor performance and reliability.
  • As device architectures advance, the nanoscale interface becomes the primary determinant of sensitivity, noise, and stability.
  • Conventional optimization strategies are reaching fundamental limits, shifting focus to interface-level control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review recent advances in surface and interface engineering for integrated photonic sensing platforms.
  • To analyze how functional layers, nanomaterials, and hybrid interfaces affect light-matter interactions and sensor performance.
  • To evaluate benchmarking methodologies and identify challenges for translating lab-scale sensors to robust technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on surface and interface engineering in photonic sensing.
  • Analysis of strategies applied to waveguide, interferometric, and resonant photonic architectures.
  • Examination of performance metrics, trade-offs, and stability challenges.

Main Results:

  • Functional layers and nanomaterials can enhance light-matter interactions but may introduce optical loss and spectral distortion.
  • Conventional metrics like bulk sensitivity and limit of detection have limitations; normalized figures of merit are essential.
  • Significant trade-offs exist between enhanced surface interaction, optical degradation, and temporal stability.

Conclusions:

  • Interface engineering is key for advancing integrated photonic sensors, but challenges in reproducibility and long-term stability remain.
  • Normalized figures of merit are crucial for accurate performance comparison across diverse platforms.
  • Further research is needed to develop design principles for robust, scalable surface-engineered photonic sensors.