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Related Concept Videos

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells

Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Balancing Redox Equations02:58

Balancing Redox Equations

Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Mg/Li Co-Doping Activates Anionic Redox in Sodium-Ion Battery Layered Oxides.

Wenchao Zhan1, Yuefeng Wang1, Xumin Wang1

  • 1Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel Mg/Li co-doped sodium-ion battery cathode material. This breakthrough enhances energy storage stability and performance, offering a sustainable alternative for large-scale applications.

Keywords:
cathode materialdoping modificationoxygen ion redoxsodium-ion battery

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Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering
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Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering

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Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery
08:18

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

Published on: July 12, 2016

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering
07:55

Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering

Published on: April 17, 2018

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery
08:18

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

Published on: July 12, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage due to cost and sustainability.
  • Key challenges for SIBs include low energy density and poor cycle stability, limiting adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a novel cathode material for SIBs with improved energy density and cycle stability.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of Mg/Li co-doping on P2-type layered oxide cathode performance.

Main Methods:

  • Rational design and synthesis of a Mg/Li co-doped P2-type Na0.8Mg0.22Li0.08Mn0.7O2 (NLMMO) cathode material.
  • Electrochemical performance testing, including initial capacity and long-term cycling stability.
  • In situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and ex situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) for structural and chemical analysis.

Main Results:

  • The NLMMO cathode achieved an initial discharge capacity of 158 mAh g-1 within a 2.0-4.4 V range.
  • The material demonstrated excellent cycle stability, retaining 68% capacity after 400 cycles at 0.1 A g-1.
  • Mg doping significantly improved structural stability, inhibited phase transitions, and stabilized the interlayer structure, with lattice oxygen undergoing changes.

Conclusions:

  • Mg/Li co-doping enables reversible anion redox reactions and enhances the stability of the P2-type layered framework.
  • The developed NLMMO material outperforms both singly doped Li-doped and Mg-doped counterparts.
  • This work presents a viable strategy for designing advanced cathode materials leveraging synergistic anionic and cationic redox reactions for SIBs.