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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Production and Analysis of Sporosarcina pasteurii Biocement Bricks Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds for Unconfined Compression Tests

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Development of 3D-Printed Cementitious Layered Model Rocks with Recycled Waste: A Study on Anisotropy.

Yongbo Hu¹, Yugao Wang^1,2, Zhenxing Wang³

¹Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Yichang 443002, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cement-based 3D printing (3DP) creates layered rock analogues with low intrinsic anisotropy. These 3D printed rocks exhibit mechanical anisotropy and failure modes similar to natural layered sandstone, enabling reliable physical modeling.

Keywords:

3D printing CT scan anisotropy failure mode layered rocks solid waste

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Area of Science:

Geotechnical Engineering
Materials Science
Rock Mechanics

Background:

Understanding layered rock anisotropy is crucial for rock mass stability.
In-situ sampling of natural layered rocks with controlled orientations is challenging.
Cement-based 3D printing (3DP) offers a method for creating rock analogues, but its induced anisotropy requires characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically evaluate the intrinsic anisotropy of cement-based 3DP rocks.
To compare the mechanical anisotropy and failure modes of 3DP layered rocks with natural layered sandstone.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of layered rock analogues using cement-based 3D printing.
Characterization of intrinsic anisotropy through uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), P-wave velocity, and computed tomography (CT) number measurements.
Evaluation of mechanical anisotropy by testing UCS, elastic modulus, and secant modulus at various bedding dip angles.
Comparison of failure modes with natural layered sandstone.

Main Results:

3DP rocks exhibit low intrinsic anisotropy (<6% variation in UCS, P-wave velocity, CT number across directions).
Mechanical properties (UCS, elastic/secant modulus) of 3DP layered rocks show a minimum at a 60° bedding dip angle.
Fracture characteristics and failure modes of 3DP layered rocks are comparable to natural layered sandstone, with pronounced shear failure in soft rock analogues.

Conclusions:

Cement-based 3DP produces layered rock analogues with quantifiable low intrinsic anisotropy.
3DP layered rocks effectively mimic the mechanical anisotropy and failure behaviors of natural layered sandstone.
3DP provides a reliable and reproducible basis for laboratory-scale physical modeling of layered rock masses.