Early-Stage Hydration and Product Evolution in Calcium Hydroxide-Activated Lithium Slag

This study used calcium hydroxide (CH) to simulate the alkaline environment of cement and to activate lithium slag (LS), aiming to reveal the mechanism of LS in cement. The early-age hydration of LS blended with 10 wt.% CH was monitored via isothermal calorimetry (ICC) at ambient temperature, followed by a comparative analysis of phase assemblage, microstructure, and macroscopic properties under standard and steam curing conditions. The results show that LS exhibits superior early reactivity within the first 9 h, which is attributed to abundant ettringite formation. Two distinct exothermic peaks were identified during LS-CH hydration, corresponding to (i) ettringite formation accompanied by LS dissolution and C-S-H precipitation, and (ii) CaCO₃ crystallization and renewed ettringite formation. The hydrated paste consists of abundant AFt, CaCO₃ polymorphs, unreacted LS particles, and a small amount of C-S-H gel with a low Ca/Si ratio and incorporating Al and S. This unique phase assemblage results in a coarser pore structure and lower specific surface area compared with conventional cement paste. Nevertheless, the system achieves a relatively high 28-day compressive strength, highlighting the promise of LS-CH blends as sustainable cementitious materials.