Hydroxysulfobetaine Surfactant Uptake Regulates the Transport Behavior of Sulfonated Polyacrylamide Soft Microgels...

To improve the effectiveness of sulfonated polyacrylamide soft microgels (SMGs) in deep profile control, this study investigated a surfactant-assisted regulation strategy based on surfactant uptake and surfactant-microgel association. The uptake behavior of a hydroxysulfobetaine surfactant by SMGs was characterized, and the resulting changes in swelling, frequency-dependent elastic response, electrostatic stabilization, shear resistance, and long-distance transport were evaluated. The surfactant uptake process was well described by pseudo-second-order kinetics and a Langmuir-type saturation model, while FTIR and XPS analyses provided spectroscopic evidence for surfactant association with SMGs, especially at the particle surface. Compared with the SMG system, surfactant addition mildly reduced the swollen median size (D₅₀) at 15 d from 15.72 to 14.90 μm, and the corresponding swelling ratio decreased slightly but remained above 6.45. The S/SMG system also showed a larger magnitude of negative zeta potential, maintaining a value of -38.5 mV after 60 d compared with -32.1 mV for the SMG system, and generally better shear resistance, with particle size retention 0.8-3.8 percentage points higher over 0-7 d of swelling. Serial core-flooding experiments showed improved deep transport behavior. Although the SMG system produced slightly higher injection pressure below 2.4 m, the S/SMG system maintained a slightly higher pressure response beyond this distance. These results demonstrate that surfactant uptake and surface/network association regulate SMG physicochemical properties, thereby improving their transport and deep profile-control performance.