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Related Concept Videos

Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers01:24

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview

Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...
Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices01:28

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Correction: De Sanctis et al. Lck Function and Modulation: Immune Cytotoxic Response and Tumor Treatment More Than a Simple Event. <i>Cancers</i> 2024, <i>16</i>, 2630.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Cationic Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Retinoic Acid as an Adjuvant to Promote OVA&#45;Specific Systemic and Mucosal Responses
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Cationic Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Retinoic Acid as an Adjuvant to Promote OVA-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Responses

Published on: February 23, 2024

Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review.

Alexis Hipólito García1, Juan Bautista De Sanctis2,3

  • 1Institute of Immunology "Nicolás Enrique Bianco", Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1050, Venezuela.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New adjuvants and advanced vaccine delivery systems enhance vaccine efficacy and safety. Nanotechnology and novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) offer improved performance, precision, and targeted delivery, optimizing therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords:
adjuvantsaluminum saltsdelivery systemslipid nanoparticlesnanoformulationsoil emulsionsvaccines

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Published on: May 6, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Aluminum salts are traditional vaccine adjuvants, but newer compounds offer improved efficacy and safety.
  • Nanotechnology, including nanoformulations and novel delivery systems, enhances vaccine effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects.
  • Advanced drug delivery systems (DDSs) are crucial for optimizing vaccine administration and therapeutic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of current adjuvants used in vaccines.
  • To explore technological advancements in vaccine delivery systems.
  • To highlight the role of nanotechnology and DDSs in modern vaccinology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on vaccine adjuvants.
  • Analysis of advancements in nanotechnology for vaccine delivery.
  • Examination of novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) and their applications in vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Novel adjuvants and nanoformulations demonstrate enhanced immunogenicity and reduced side effects compared to traditional adjuvants.
  • Advanced DDSs, utilizing nanomaterials and biocompatible components, improve targeted vaccine delivery and prolong circulation time.
  • Microparticles, emulsions, and immunostimulants are key components in modern vaccine development.

Conclusions:

  • Adjuvants and sophisticated delivery systems are critical for developing next-generation vaccines.
  • Nanotechnology and advanced DDSs represent a significant leap forward in vaccine efficacy, safety, and targeted delivery.
  • Continued research into novel adjuvants and delivery platforms will drive innovation in vaccinology.