Natural Molecules for Brain Health and Resilience

The global rise in cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders has intensified the search for safe and accessible strategies to support brain health. In recent years, nutraceuticals have gained considerable attention as potential modulators of neurological function due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neurovascular integrity play central roles in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and autism spectrum disorder, among others. This narrative review provides an integrated overview of selected nutraceuticals with potential relevance to brain-related disorders, including biotin, folinic acid, flavonoids (apigenin, diosmin, luteolin, naringin, pycnogenol, and quercetin), huperzine A, Lion's mane, olive oil polyphenols, oleuropein and palmitoylethanolamide. Rather than presenting a purely descriptive summary, we considered both mechanistic and clinical evidence, highlighting differences in the strength, consistency, and quality of available data across compounds. Among the reviewed compounds, huperzine A, specific flavonoids-particularly luteolin-and olive oil polyphenols demonstrated relatively stronger and more consistent support across experimental models and emerging clinical studies, mainly through modulation of cholinergic signaling, neuroinflammatory pathways, and oxidative stress responses. In contrast, evidence for other agents remains limited, heterogeneous, or primarily at the preclinical level. Overall, this review aims to provide a clearer and more structured synthesis of the current literature on neuronutrition, identifying compounds with the most promising profiles while outlining key limitations and research gaps that need to be addressed to better define their role in brain health.