Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Motion-Informed, Patient-Specific Femoral Localization for MPFL Reconstruction Using 4D-CT and Constrained Optimization.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Integrating microbial biomass, composition and function to discern the level of anthropogenic activity in a river ecosystem.

Environment international·2018

Same author

c-Jun-mediated microRNA-302d-3p induces RPE dedifferentiation by targeting p21<sup>Waf1/Cip1</sup>.

Cell death & disease·2018

Same author

High expression of synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 and TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator can predict poor prognosis in human lung adenocarcinoma.

Human pathology·2018

Same author

Comparison of the efficacy of dispensing granules with traditional decoction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Annals of translational medicine·2018

Same author

Serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding protein evaluates liver function and predicts prognosis in liver cirrhosis.

Journal of digestive diseases·2018

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Published on: November 23, 2019

In Vivo Classification of Patellar Motion Trajectories in Individuals: A 4D-CT-Based Study with Unsupervised

Jiaying Wei¹, Ziyi Jiang², Xinhao Zhang²

¹Orthopaedic Research Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Municipal Health Commission Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Regeneration and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 27, 2026

Summary

Asymptomatic knees show three patellar motion trajectory types, primarily determined by lateral translation. This four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) classification offers a dynamic baseline for evaluating patellofemoral joint stability.

Keywords:

artificial intelligence four-dimensional computed tomography patellar motion trajectories patellofemoral joint unsupervised clustering

More Related Videos

Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study

Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study

Published on: February 25, 2013

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Published on: November 23, 2019

Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study

Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study

Published on: February 25, 2013

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Medical Imaging
Orthopedics

Background:

Patellar motion trajectory (PMT) is crucial for patellofemoral joint (PFJ) stability.
Static imaging cannot capture dynamic six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) patellar motion.
Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) enables in vivo dynamic PFJ imaging, but PMT classification in healthy knees is underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically classify patellar motion trajectories (PMT) in asymptomatic knees using 4D-CT.
To identify distinct PMT phenotypes based on dynamic 6-DOF kinematics.
To establish a dynamic kinematic baseline for PFJ stability assessment.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 64 asymptomatic knees undergoing 4D-CT dynamic scanning.
Extraction of patellar 6-DOF kinematic data during knee flexion-extension (0°-90°).
Unsupervised K-means clustering to classify PMT phenotypes, with nonparametric tests for analysis.

Main Results:

Three distinct PMT types were identified: Type 1 (7.81%), Type 2 (56.25%), and Type 3 (35.94%).
Lateral translation (Tx) was the dominant factor differentiating PMT types (p < 0.001).
Static imaging parameters did not correlate with these dynamic subtypes.

Conclusions:

Asymptomatic knees exhibit three distinct in vivo 6-DOF patellar motion trajectory phenotypes.
These phenotypes are predominantly characterized by lateral translation amplitude.
This 4D-CT typing framework provides a dynamic baseline for PFJ stability evaluation and future research.