Is Adapted Physical Exercise an Innovative Adjuvant Approach to Combine with Low-Protein Diet in Chronic Kidney...

Background: In chronic kidney disease (CKD) treatment, a holistic approach, which involves not only nephrologists but also nutritionists, sports physicians, and kinesiologists, is becoming increasingly important, characterized as including not only pharmacological therapy but also integrative treatments, i.e., nutritional therapies (like low protein diet-LPD) and adapted physical exercise (APE) programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential adjuvant therapeutic role of an integrated APE + LPD program on CKD comorbidities, comparing its additional beneficial effects with those induced by the LPD alone. Methods: This clinical study is a randomized controlled trial, where 40 CKD patients (stage G3b-G5) were enrolled and divided into two homogeneous groups: an APE + LPD group, which performed an online APE protocol combined with LPD; and an LPD group, which received only LPD. All enrolled patients were evaluated at baseline (T₀) and after 12 weeks (T₁) for clinical and body composition parameters and for functional assessment and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Results: Both groups showed a significant reduction in lipid and glucose metabolism parameters. Good adherence to the prescribed LPD led to significantly better control of systolic blood pressure and electrolytes, along with an increase in venous bicarbonate levels. Improvements in body composition and physical performance were also observed. In the APE + LPD group only we observed a significant increase in neutrophil count, serum iron levels, muscle strength, and patients' HRQoL. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the integrated approach, rather than the LPD alone, is more effective for muscle-related outcomes, HRQoL, and in the positive modulation of the immune system.