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Related Concept Videos

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis01:23

Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis

Bacterial cell walls are typically rigid structures composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that provides mechanical strength and maintains cell shape. The synthesis of peptidoglycan is a crucial process in bacterial growth and serves as a primary target for many antibiotics.Mechanism of Action of Beta-Lactam AntibioticsBeta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in actively growing cells. These antibiotics share a characteristic four-membered...
Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis01:25

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence01:20

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...
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Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method
12:03

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method

Published on: April 18, 2019

Prophage-Derived Endolysin E1 Synergizes with Meropenem Against Acinetobacter baumannii.

Jinyu Wang1, Jinlong Bai1, Yuhui Li1

  • 1College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.

Microorganisms
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New phage-derived endolysin E1 shows potent activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). Combination therapy with E1 and meropenem significantly improves survival rates in infection models.

Keywords:
Acinetobacter baumanniicombination therapyendolysingenomeprophage

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method
12:03

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method

Published on: April 18, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a critical priority pathogen requiring novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Genomic mining identified numerous prophage-derived endolysin candidates for antimicrobial development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel endolysins with bactericidal activity against CRAB.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of a promising endolysin, E1, as a monotherapy and in combination with meropenem.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis of 5144 prophage-derived endolysin candidates from 27,531 A. baumannii genomes.
  • Recombinant expression and functional evaluation of four top candidates (E1-E4).
  • In vitro assays for bactericidal activity, biofilm disruption, and stability; structural analysis; murine infection model.

Main Results:

  • Endolysin E1 demonstrated potent bactericidal activity against CRAB strains (micromolar MIC) and disrupted biofilms.
  • E1 exhibited stability across a wide range of temperatures, pH, and salt concentrations.
  • Combination therapy of E1 and meropenem significantly increased survival (66.7%) and reduced bacterial loads in a murine model.

Conclusions:

  • Prophage-derived endolysin E1 is a potent antimicrobial agent against A. baumannii.
  • E1 exhibits synergistic activity with meropenem, highlighting its potential for combination therapies against CRAB infections.