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Updated: May 28, 2026

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
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Published on: January 21, 2020

Micro/Nanoplastics and Periodontitis: An Environmental Microbiology Perspective on Oral Retention and Systemic Risk.

Mark Cannon1, John Peldyak2, Paul Reynolds3

  • 1Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Microorganisms
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are found in the mouth, potentially worsening gum disease. Research shows these plastic particles can harm oral cells and interact with bacteria, possibly increasing inflammation and systemic disease risk.

Keywords:
chronic low-grade inflammationdental calculusenvironmental microbiologymicroplasticsnanoplasticsoral biofilmoral-systemic healthperiodontitisplastisphere

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Oral Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are increasingly detected in human tissues, but the oral cavity's role as an exposure portal and MNP source is understudied.
  • The oral environment, particularly periodontal tissues, may act as a niche for MNP retention and inflammatory amplification.
  • Dental and oral-care materials are potential local sources of polymer generation within the oral cavity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current literature on MNPs in the oral cavity from an environmental microbiology perspective.
  • To evaluate the evidence for MNP presence, microbial interactions, and potential health impacts within the oral environment.
  • To propose a reconceptualization of periodontitis as a particle-processing interface and outline a research agenda.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review synthesizing existing literature.
  • Application of a three-tier evidentiary framework (established, plausible, unproven).
  • Analysis of studies on periodontal disease, oral biofilms, dental materials, microbial-plastic interactions, and systemic disease risk.

Main Results:

  • Human dental calculus contains at least 26 types of MNPs, primarily polyamide, polyethylene, and polyurethane.
  • Polyethylene from calculus induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses in human gingival fibroblasts.
  • Oral microbes degrade methacrylate dental polymers, and degradation products affect bacterial virulence.
  • MNPs activate pathways (oxidative stress, inflammasome signaling) overlapping with periodontal pathobiology.
  • Plastic-associated biofilms may enhance bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance.

Conclusions:

  • The oral cavity serves as a significant site for MNP exposure, retention, and interaction with oral microbiota.
  • Periodontitis may be viewed as an inflamed interface that processes particles, potentially amplifying local inflammation and systemic spillover.
  • While direct causation is unproven, MNPs plausibly contribute to periodontal pathobiology and associated chronic disease risks.
  • Further research is needed, including controlled biomonitoring, biofilm studies, and longitudinal clinical investigations.