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Related Concept Videos

Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence01:20

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria
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Avibacterium paragallinarum: Pathogenesis Mechanisms and Subunit Vaccine Development.

Zhihua Li1, Ying Liu1, Zhenyi Liu1

  • 1Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.

Microorganisms
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Avibacterium paragallinarum causes infectious coryza in chickens, impacting poultry health and profitability. This review details its pathogenesis and subunit vaccine immunity, offering insights for precise disease control.

Keywords:
A. paragallinarummucosal immunitypathogenic mechanismsubunit vaccinetissue tropism

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Area of Science:

  • Poultry Health
  • Bacteriology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Avibacterium paragallinarum is the main cause of infectious coryza in chickens, leading to significant economic losses in the poultry industry.
  • Infectious coryza negatively impacts broiler growth and egg production, with severe consequences under intensive farming.
  • The disease contributes to increased antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a 'One Health' challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review advances in the pathogenesis of Avibacterium paragallinarum.
  • To summarize the protective immunity induced by subunit vaccines against A. paragallinarum.
  • To provide insights for optimizing subunit vaccine design and control strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on A. paragallinarum infection mechanisms, virulence factors, and host-pathogen-microbiome interactions.
  • Analysis of tissue-specific pathogenesis in the infraorbital sinus and nasal epithelium.
  • Evaluation of current developments and limitations of subunit vaccines, particularly mucosal immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Detailed analysis of A. paragallinarum colonization strategies and the roles of hemagglutinin and capsule in virulence.
  • Integration of pathogenesis with the role of respiratory commensal microbiota in infection facilitation.
  • Comprehensive overview of subunit vaccine efficacy and immunoprotective properties.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding pathogen-host-microbiome interactions is crucial for controlling A. paragallinarum.
  • Current subunit vaccines face challenges in eliciting effective mucosal immunity.
  • This review provides a framework for improving A. paragallinarum vaccine design and control strategies.