Applications of Gene-Editing Technologies in Enhancing Crop Stress Resistance with Emphasis on Rice

Gene-editing technology provides innovative strategies for coping with crop stress, enhancing resistance to biotic stresses (fungal, bacterial, viral infections) and abiotic stresses (salinity, drought, heavy metals, temperature extremes). The CRISPR/Cas9 system is widely used to knock out susceptibility genes, activate resistance genes, or modulate stress-response genes, yielding many stress-resistant crop varieties. However, off-target effects, chimeric effects, and the complexity of multi-gene synergistic editing limit its application. By optimizing and integrating with other cutting-edge technologies, gene editing is expected to yield highly stress-resistant and high-yielding crop varieties, contributing significantly to sustainable agricultural development and ensuring global food security. Rice, a key staple and model plant, has been extensively studied in gene-editing-based research on stress resistance. The practical potential of gene editing for agricultural improvement has been demonstrated by the effective modification of many genes linked to drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and disease resistance using CRISPR/Cas9 and related technologies. This review discusses gene-editing applications in crop stress research, examining the effects of various stresses on crops and the use of gene editing to develop stress-tolerant varieties. It offers substantial guidance for improving crop stress tolerance through gene editing, creating highly resilient cultivars with greater adaptation to complex, variable environments.