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Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...

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RETRACTED: Wang et al. Integrated Analysis of Physiological and Transcriptional Mechanisms in Response to Drought Stress in <i>Scaevola taccada</i> Seedlings. <i>Plants</i> 2026, <i>15</i>, 970.

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RETRACTED: Russo et al. Chamazulene-Rich <i>Artemisia arborescens</i> Essential Oils Affect the Cell Growth of Human Melanoma Cells. <i>Plants</i> 2020, <i>9</i>, 1000.

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Correction: Terletskaya et al. Soil-Climatic Drivers of Anatomical and Metabolic Plasticity in <i>Rheum tataricum</i> L.f. Across Arid Landscapes of Kazakhstan. <i>Plants</i> 2026, <i>15</i>, 1025.

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Correction: Damásio et al. Can Grapevine Leaf Water Potential Be Modelled from Physiological and Meteorological Variables? A Machine Learning Approach. <i>Plants</i> 2023, <i>12</i>, 4142.

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Detached Maize Sheaths for Live-Cell Imaging of Infection by Fungal Foliar Maize Pathogens
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(E)-2-Hexenal Combats Rice Sheath Blight Through Direct Pathogen Inhibition and Host Defense Reprogramming.

Wenyan Fan1, Wenjuan Wang1, Xinyan Liang1

  • 1College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

(E)-2-hexenal, a plant volatile, effectively combats rice sheath blight by directly inhibiting fungal growth and activating plant defenses. This natural compound shows promise for sustainable, eco-friendly rice disease management strategies.

Keywords:
(E)-2-hexenalRhizoctonia solanirice sheath blighttranscriptome analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Ecology

Background:

  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are recognized for their antimicrobial properties.
  • (E)-2-hexenal, a herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV), exhibits potential as a natural antimicrobial agent.
  • Rice sheath blight, caused by *Rhizoctonia solani*, poses a significant threat to rice production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of (E)-2-hexenal against *Rhizoctonia solani* in rice.
  • To elucidate the direct antifungal activity and host-mediated defense mechanisms induced by (E)-2-hexenal.
  • To evaluate the potential of (E)-2-hexenal for sustainable rice disease management.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro antifungal assays and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess direct fungal inhibition.
  • Detached leaf and whole-plant inoculation assays to evaluate protective effects and systemic resistance.
  • Physiological, biochemical, HPLC-MS, and transcriptomic analyses to investigate defense responses.

Main Results:

  • 100 μL/mL (E)-2-hexenal inhibited *R. solani* mycelial growth by 91.07% and disrupted fungal cell wall integrity.
  • (E)-2-hexenal pretreatment conferred protection to rice, alleviating disease symptoms and inducing systemic resistance.
  • Treatment enhanced defense enzyme activities, H₂O₂ levels, defensive metabolites, and upregulated JA/SA signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • (E)-2-hexenal demonstrates a dual-action mechanism against rice sheath blight: direct fungal inhibition and activation of host immunity.
  • This VOC shows significant potential for developing eco-friendly and sustainable rice disease management strategies.
  • (E)-2-hexenal represents a promising natural alternative for controlling plant pathogens in agriculture.