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Related Concept Videos

Spectrophotometry: Introduction01:16

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the absorption, reflection, diffraction, or transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a material as a function of the intensity and wavelength of the radiation. A spectrophotometer is a device used to measure the change in the radiation intensity caused by its interaction with the material.
The essential components of a spectrophotometer include a source of electromagnetic radiation, a slot for placing a material to be analyzed, and a...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions
08:57

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Published on: January 10, 2019

Quantitative Archaeological Feature Identification Using Handheld Spectrometers.

Yoon Jung Choi1,2

  • 1Daeyang Humanity College, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visible-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) soil spectroscopy can rapidly identify archaeological features during excavations. This method uses spectral data to detect soil differences, improving excavation decision-making and reducing subjectivity.

Keywords:
VIS-NIR spectroscopyfeature identificationsoil spectroscopy

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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Published on: January 10, 2019

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Archaeological Science
  • Geospatial Analysis
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Soil colour and texture are crucial for identifying archaeological features, especially in rapid rescue excavations.
  • Accurate interpretation of soil characteristics is vital for efficient archaeological site management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of visible-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) soil spectroscopy for quantitative characterisation of archaeological soils.
  • To assess the effectiveness of a PCA-based spectral deviation approach for detecting archaeological features in situ.
  • To evaluate the potential of field-based spectroscopy for supporting archaeological excavation decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Collected surface soil spectra using a portable VIS-NIR spectrometer at a rescue excavation site.
  • Applied a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based spectral deviation method to differentiate archaeological soils from background soils.
  • Utilised locally calibrated background spectra and the 400-1000 nm wavelength range for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved balanced accuracy values exceeding 0.70, with some sites above 0.80, demonstrating strong statistical discrimination.
  • Observed spatially coherent clustering of anomaly values corresponding to identified archaeological feature zones.
  • Found the 400-1000 nm range with local calibration provided stable and reproducible performance.

Conclusions:

  • Field-based VIS-NIR spectroscopy offers rapid, quantitative, and spatially interpretable support for archaeological feature identification.
  • Integrating spectral characterisation with anomaly mapping minimises interpretive subjectivity in excavations.
  • The proposed workflow enhances analytical reproducibility in archaeological excavation decision-making.