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A Single-Antenna RFID Machine Learning Approach for Direction and Orientation Tracking in Industrial Logistics.

João M Faria1,2, Luis Vilas Boas1,2, Joaquin Dillen1,2

  • 12Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a single-antenna Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system for industrial logistics, achieving over 97% accuracy in direction tracking under challenging shop floor conditions using physics-informed domain adaptation.

Area of Science:

  • Robotics and Automation
  • Signal Processing
  • Machine Learning

Background:

  • Industry 4.0 logistics increasingly rely on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for low-cost tracking.
  • Current RFID direction/orientation estimation often requires multiple antennas and lacks robustness in industrial settings.
  • Industrial environments present challenges like multipath fading, operator variability, and signal fragmentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a single-antenna RFID system for robust direction and orientation estimation in Industry 4.0 logistics.
  • To investigate the effectiveness of various machine learning architectures and a physics-informed augmentation strategy.
  • To address the domain gap between laboratory and industrial shop floor environments.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
Internet of Things (IoT)Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)deep learning (DL)domain adaptationlogisticsmachine learning (ML)tracking

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  • Proposed a single-antenna RFID system processing Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and phase data.
  • Evaluated thirteen architectures: unsupervised (clustering), supervised (classical ML, deep learning, hybrid).
  • Implemented a physics-informed augmentation strategy for synthetic data generation and domain adaptation using XGBoost.

Main Results:

  • Laboratory experiments achieved >99.5% accuracy for direction and orientation tasks.
  • Domain adaptation with XGBoost recovered direction accuracy to >97% under severe fragmentation and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) conditions.
  • Shop floor accuracy exceeded prior single-antenna studies (75-92%) after domain adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Single-antenna RFID with physics-informed domain adaptation offers a promising solution for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) logistics.
  • The proposed system demonstrates robustness against industrial environmental challenges.
  • Physics-informed domain adaptation effectively bridges the domain gap for real-world applications.