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Sustainable Functional Polymer Composites: Bio-Based Systems with Tailored Properties for Civil Engineering

Abdullah Iftikhar¹, Allan Manalo¹, Mazhar Peerzada¹

¹Centre for Future Materials, School of Science, Engineering and Digital Technologies, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia.

|May 27, 2026

Summary

Sustainable bio-based polymers offer eco-friendly alternatives to conventional epoxies. This review details bio-epoxy resin synthesis, property enhancements via nanomaterials, and applications in civil engineering, guiding future sustainable composite development.

Keywords:

applications in civil engineering bio-based composites bio-composites bio-epoxy: nanomaterials sustainability

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Sustainable Engineering

Background:

Conventional epoxy polymers face environmental and cost challenges.
Renewable resources are explored for developing sustainable polymer alternatives.
Bio-based polymers and composites offer promising eco-friendly solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the synthesis and chemical structures of various bio-epoxy resins.
To explain property enhancements in bio-composites using different nanomaterials.
To highlight the properties and civil engineering applications of these advanced bio-composites.

Main Methods:

Detailed review of bio-epoxy resin synthesis pathways.
Analysis of property enhancements through various nanofiller additions.
Compilation of existing research on bio-composite properties and applications.

Main Results:

Various bio-epoxy resin synthesis routes are discussed.
Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, cellulose, silica, and nano-clay significantly enhance bio-composite properties.
Bio-composites demonstrate potential for diverse civil engineering applications.

Conclusions:

Bio-based polymers and composites represent a viable sustainable alternative to conventional materials.
Nanomaterial reinforcement is crucial for optimizing bio-composite performance.
This review serves as a guide for developing novel bio-composites from alternative resources.