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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Testing the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated by Microfluidic Mixing
08:55

Testing the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated by Microfluidic Mixing

Published on: January 20, 2023

Emerging Non-Conventional Approaches in mRNA-LNP Formulation for Therapeutic Applications.

Yitian Zhang1, Gabriel Linaje-Ferrel1, Juan Manuel Rocha Angel1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.

Pharmaceutics
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New methods for producing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) overcome limitations of current microfluidic techniques. These advanced LNP encapsulation strategies improve mRNA stability and manufacturing efficiency for vaccines and therapeutics.

Keywords:
coacervationencapsulationhot homogenizationlipid nanoparticleslyophilizationmRNAmRNA-LNPmachine learningmicrofluidicsnon-conventional methodssiRNAthin film hydrationvaccine development

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Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
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Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Testing the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated by Microfluidic Mixing
08:55

Testing the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated by Microfluidic Mixing

Published on: January 20, 2023

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are crucial for RNA-based vaccines and therapeutics.
  • Conventional microfluidic LNP production faces challenges like mRNA degradation, organic contamination, and scalability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging non-conventional LNP encapsulation strategies.
  • To assess their design principles, scalability, and economic viability.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of solvent-free and microfluidics-free LNP production methods.
  • Analysis of emerging encapsulation tools like high-shear mixing and sonication.
  • Evaluation of pre-built LNP workflows and modular manufacturing.

Main Results:

  • Non-conventional approaches offer improved mRNA stability and reduced contamination.
  • Decoupling LNP synthesis from mRNA encapsulation enables modular manufacturing.
  • Emerging tools show potential for streamlined, scalable LNP production.

Conclusions:

  • Novel LNP encapsulation methods address key manufacturing bottlenecks.
  • These strategies promise enhanced efficiency, reduced costs, and broader therapeutic applications.
  • Further development is needed to optimize scale-up and economic feasibility.