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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Nanoparticle Strategies for Bone Metastasis Immunotherapy: Targeting, Immune Reprogramming and Combination Therapy.

Mohamad Bakir1, Abdul Rahman Alkhatib1, Abdul Rehman Mustafa1

  • 1Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia.

Pharmaceutics
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Nanoparticles can reprogram the immunosuppressive bone microenvironment, converting immune-refractory bone metastases into treatable lesions. These targeted nanocarriers enhance immunotherapy by modulating immune cells and delivering therapeutic payloads.

Keywords:
bone metastasisbone-targeted drug deliverycancer immunotherapynanoparticlesstimuli-responsive nanocarrierstumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Bone metastases are a severe complication of advanced cancers (breast, prostate, lung), causing pain and functional decline.
  • The bone microenvironment is immunosuppressive, hindering conventional immunotherapies due to osteoclast activity and immune cell imbalances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how bone-targeted and immune-responsive nanocarriers can overcome challenges in treating bone metastases.
  • To explore nanoparticle strategies for modulating the bone metastatic niche and enhancing immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of nanocarrier designs: hydroxyapatite-binding ligands, dual-targeting, stealth coatings, responsive release systems, and externally guided platforms.
  • Analysis of how nanocarriers reprogram immune cells: tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T-cells, and dendritic cells.
  • Examination of nanoparticle payloads: checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, nucleic acids (siRNA, miRNA, mRNA), and CRISPR-based systems, combined with conventional therapies.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticles can precisely target bone metastases and reshape the immune microenvironment.
  • These nanocarriers can reprogram suppressive immune cells and restore anti-tumor immunity.
  • Combination strategies involving nanoparticles with chemotherapy, bone agents, or radiotherapy show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Immunomodulatory nanoparticles offer a promising strategy to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in bone metastases.
  • Overcoming translational barriers like lesion heterogeneity and penetration is crucial for clinical success.
  • Nanoparticles can transform immune-refractory bone metastases into therapeutically responsive sites.